STEAM TURBINES:
1.1 A stem turbine is an
engine in which the thermal energy of the steam is converted into mechanical
energy of rotation. In steam turbine the energy of the steam is transferred
into kinetic energy by expansion through nozzles, and the kinetic energy of the
resulting jet is in turn converted into force doing work on rings of blades
mounted on a rotating part.
1.2 Classification of Steam turbines:
Based
on exhaust condition:
a.
Condensing
b.
Non condensing
c.
Automatic extraction
d.
Mixed pressure
e.
Regenerative extraction
f.
Reheat
Based
on stage design:
a.
Impulse
b.
Reaction
Based
on steam flow:
a.
Axial flow
b.
Radial flow
c.
Mixed flow
Based
on stages:
a.
Single stage
b.
Multi stage
Based
on casing or shaft design:
a.
Single casing
b.
Tandem casing (two or more)
c.
Cross compound
Based
on exhaust stages in parallel:
- Double flow
- Triple flow
Based
on type of drive:
- Generator
- Mechanical drive
1. Operation principle of steam turbine: Steam turbine develops
mechanical work by converting heat energy into work in the steam expansion. The
heat energy is converted in two steps. The steam expands in nozzle and expands
at a high velocity, converting the available heat energy into velocity energy.
The high velocity steam strikes moving blades, converting the velocity energy
into work.
Main advantages with steam turbines:
1.
The economical generation of high temperature and pressure steam is
required to reduce the pressure to utilize for various purposes. This will be
done by steam turbine there by developing power to run pump etc.
2.
A pump driven by turbine can be operated over a wide speed range
utilizing the turbine governor system.
3.
The use of steam turbine driver permits operation of the driven pump is
independent of electric power or distribution system.
4.
A turbine may be used as stand by drive system.
5.
The steam turbine controls-governor system and over speed trip system
are inherently spark proof.
6.
Steam turbines are inherently self-limiting with respect to power
developed. Special protective devices are not required to prevent damaging the
turbine because of over load condition.
1.2 Single stage turbine: In which the conversion of
the kinetic energy to mechanical work occurs with a single expansion of the
steam in the turbine. A turbine stage consists of a stationary set of blades
called as nozzles, and a moving set adjacent thereto, called buckets or rotor
blades. These rotating and stationary blades act together to allow the steam
flow to do work on the rotor.
1.2 Multiple stage turbine: In which the conversion of
the energy occurs with two or more expansions of steam within the turbine.
1.2 Impulse Turbine: In impulse stage the steam
expands only in the fixed nozzles and kinetic energy is transferred to the
rotating buckets as the steam impinges on the buckets while flowing through the
passage between the buckets. The steam pressure is constant and the steam
velocity relative to the bucket decreases in the bucket passages.
1.2 Reaction stage: The steam expands in both
the fixed nozzles and the rotating buckets. The kinetic energy is transferred
to the rotating buckets by the expansion of the steam in the passages between
the buckets. The steam pressure decreases as the steam velocity relative to the
bucket increases in the bucket passages.
1.3 Parts and functions of steam turbine:
-
Rotor
-
Stem chest
-
Casing
-
Over speed trip system
-
Governor system
1.3. Steam chest and the casing: Connected to higher
pressure steam supply line and the low pressure steam exhaust line
respectively. The steam chest connected to casing, houses the governor valve
and the over speed trip valve. The casing contains the rotor and nozzles
through which the steam is expanded and directed against the rotating buckets.
1.3 Rotor: Consists of shaft and disk
assemblies with buckets. The shaft extends beyond the casing through the
bearing cases. One end of the shaft is used for coupling to the driven pump.
The other end of the shaft serves the speed governor and the over speed trip
system.
The bearing cases: Supports the rotor and assemble
casing and steam chest. The bearing cases contain the journal bearings and the
rotating oil seals, which prevent outward oil leakage and the entrance of
water, dust, and steam. The steam end bearing case contains the rotor
positioning bearing and the rotating components of the over speed trip system.
An extension of the steam end bearing housing enclose the rotating components
of the speed – governor system.
1. Casing sealing glands: Seal the casing and the
shaft. Spring backed segmental carbon rings used for this and supplemented by a
spring backed labyrinth section for higher exhaust-steam.
1 Governor system: Governor systems are
speed-sensitive control systems that are integral with the steam turbine. The
turbine speed is controlled by varying the steam flow through the turbine by
positioning the governor valve. Consists of spring-opposed rotating weights, a
steam valve, and an interconnecting linkage or servo motor system. The governor
sense turbine shaft speed through direct connection, worm/worm wheel, or
magnetic impulse from a gear. The turbine speed is compared to some
predetermined set point and the governor output signal to a servo motor. Change
in the turbine inlet and exhaust-steam conditions, and the power required by
the pump will cause the turbine speed to change. The change in speed results in
repositioning the governor weights and subsequent repositioning of the governor
valve.
5 Over speed trip system: The
trip mechanism acts independently of the governor controlled system and closes
the trip valve to stop the flow of steam to the turbine in the event of over
speed condition. Consists of a spring-loaded pin or weight mounted in the
turbine shaft on a collar, a quick-closing valve which is separate from the
governor valve and interconnecting linkage. The centrifugal force created by
rotation of the pin in the turbine shaft exceeds the spring loading at a preset
speed. The resultant movement of the trip pin causes knife-edges in the linkage
to separate and permit the spring loaded trip valve to close. Over speed
governors is arranged to trip at 10 percent over normal speed actuating a quick
closing stop valve to shut off the steam supply to the turbine.
Labyrinth seal: Labyrinth is a means of reducing leakage from high pressure side to low pressure side by allowing a small amount of leakage. The clearance between labyrinth and shaft is kept at the minimum possible. Gases enter the narrow passage between shaft and labyrinth expand because of space available in the first space resulted to less pressure p1 from p. Similarly the gases enter second space through the restricted passage and expand to less pressure. Thus in last stage, the pressure will be on slightly above atmospheric which will be very small. Thus labyrinths are used for minimizing leakage of gases from high pressure side to low pressure side.
Carbon ring seals: Consists of carbon ring
segments and these segments held together by retaining spring. Anti rotation
stops fit in the notches in the bottom half interstage diaframs
(casing) and carbon rings prevents the rotation.
1.3 Nozzle ring and reversing blade assembly: The nozzle ring is bolted
to the inside bottom half of the steam end casing. The nozzles located in the
nozzle ring, direct the steam flow from the steam chest to the Curtis stage
first row blades. The reversing blade assembly is located between the blade
rows of the Curtis stage (the Curtis stage has two rows of blades) and is
bolted to the nozzle ring. The reversing blades reverse the steam flow as it
exits the first row of blades and directs the steam into the second row of
blades of the Curtis stage. The reversing blade assembly is positioned axially
by spacers.
1. Diaframs: Stationary diaframs
separate the inner stages, contain the interstage nozzles and interstage seals.
The nozzle expand the steam and direct it against the following rows of
rotating blades. The diaframs are adjusted on assembly to allow for rotor
deflection and to assure that the seals are concentric with the shaft. The
bottom half of diaframs are located vertically in the casing grooves by shims
at the bottom of the grooves and laterally by means of adjusting screws at the
horizontal joint. The top halves of the diaframs are fixed in the casing by the
same arrangement and lift with the casing cover.
1 Sentinel valve: This is warning device
located on the top of the exhaust end turbine casing, indicates excessive
turbine exhaust end casing pressure. In the event the casing pressure exceeds a
predetermined setting above the normal operating pressure, the valve releases a
small amount of visible steam to the atmosphere, causing an audible sound. This
valve will not serve as a relief valve.
1.3 Auxiliary steam valves: Auxiliary valves are used
to achieve more efficient operation with varying load or steam conditions. The
valves are provided in the steam passage way (in the bottom half of the steam
end turbine casing) between the steam chest and nozzle ring. The passage is
cast in three separate compartments. One compartment is continuously open for
steam flow to a bank of nozzles in the nozzle ring. The other two are fitted
with auxiliary hand valves to control the flow of steam to two other banks of
nozzles in the same nozzle ring.
Turning Gears: Large turbines are equipped
with turning gears to rotate the rotors slowly during warm up, cool off. This
is to maintain the shaft or rotor at an approximately uniform temperature
circumferentially, so as to maintain straightness and preserve the balance.
