What is Vibration?

l Mechanical vibration is the dynamic motion of machine components.

l Vibration measurement is the measurement of this mechanical vibration relative to a known reference.

What is co-efficient (CV) of control valve

                                    

       Valve sizing coefficient ‘Cv’ is defined as the number of US gallons per minute of water that will pass through a given restriction with a pressure drop of one psi.

This is basic equation for liquid calculations, in volumetric flow  Where -

Q  -  flow rate in US gpm

P1 -  upstream pressure in psia

P2 - downstream pressure in psia

G  -  liquid specific gravity @ flowing temp.

Different Types of Control Valves Body , Advantages and Disadvantages Table

Globe Valve: 

 The name "globe" refers to the external shape of the valve, not the internal flow area.   A typical globe valve has a stem that is adjusted linearly (up and down) to change the position of the plug.  As the plug changes, the area for flow between the plug and seat (opening) changes.  Many different seat and plug designs are available to achieve desired relationships between the stem position and flow rate; see the discussion on valve characteristic below.  The standard plug must oppose the pressure drop across the valve, which is acceptable for small pressure drops.  For large pressure drops, a balanced globe valve is used to enable a valve with small force to open and close the plug.

 Ball:  The restriction for this body is a solid ball which has some part of the ball removed to provide an adjustable area for flow.  The ball is rotated to influence the amount of flow.  The example ball valve displayed through the link below has a tunnel through the ball, and the ball is rotated to adjust the fraction of the tunnel opening available for flow.  Other types of ball valves have different sections removed from the ball to give desired properties.

 Butterfly:  The butterfly valve provides a damper that is rotated to adjust the resistance to flow.   This valve provides a small pressure drop for gas flows.

 Diaphragm: The diaphragm valve has one surface which is deformed by the force from the valve stem to vary the resistance to flow.

 Gate:  These valves have a flat barrier that is adjusted to influence the area for flow.  These bodies are used primary for hand-operated valves and valves automated for emergency shutoff.

   

                                              Summary of  Control Valve Bodies 

Valve Body	Advantages	Disadvantages
globe (unbalanced)	-large range -good shutoff	-unbalanced forces -high pressure loss
globe (balanced)	-high capacity -large range -balanced forces	-poor shutoff -high pressure loss
ball	-high capacity -tight shutoff	-moderate pressure drop applications -tends to plug (except segmented ball)
butterfly	-high capacity -low pressure loss -slurry applications	-high torque -large deadband -affects flow through limited range (i.e. 0-60%) -tight shutoff requires special seat material
diaphragm	-slurry applications -corrosion resistant materials	-short diaphragm life -limited pressure and temperature -small range
gate	-tight shutoff	-used only with clean fluids

Control Valve Basic

             Control valves are valves used to control conditions such as flow, pressure, temperature, and liquid level by fully or partially opening or closing in response to signals received from controllers that compare a "setpoint" to a "process variable" whose value is provided by sensors that monitor changes in such conditions.^[1] Control Valve is also termed as the Final Control Element.

A control valve consists of three main parts in which each part exist in several types and designs:

Valve's actuator   - The opening or closing of control valves is usually done automatically                                                       by electrical, hydraulic or pneumatic actuators.

Valve's positioner- Positioners are used to control the opening or closing of the actuator based                                            on electric, or pneumatic signals. These control signals, traditionally based on                                        3-15psi (0.2-1.0bar), more common now are 4-20mA signals for industry, 0-                                            10V for HVAC systems, and the introduction of "Smart" systems,                                                              HART, Fieldbus Foundation, and Profibus being the more common protocols.

Valve's body        - valve bodies are available to achieve specific flow regulation behavior of                                              process  fluids. 

Qatar Offshore project 42/42 rotation

Qatar Offshore project 42/42 rotation

Ignition Triangle

Ignition Triangle:

               In chemical point of view, oxidation, combustion and explosion are all exothermic

reactions with different reaction speeds. For such reactions to take place, it is essential that the 

following three components be present simultaneously in due proportions.

• Fuel: flammable vapors, liquids or gases, or combustible dusts or fibers.
• Oxidizer: generally, air or oxygen.
•Heat( Ignition Energy): electrical or thermal heat energy.

Boiler Steam Drum Level Control

• Drum Level Control Systems are used extensively throughout the process industries and the Utilities to control the level of boiling water contained in boiler drums on process plant and help provide a constant supply of steam. 
• If the level is too high, flooding of steam purification equipment can occur. If the level is too low, reduction in efficiency of the treatment and re circulation function. Pressure can also build to dangerous levels. 
• A drum level control system tightly controls the level whatever the disturbances, level change, increase/ decrease of steam demand, feed water flow variations.